The use of photography as evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The use of photography as evidence - Essay Example is fundamentally appropriate as it becomes more common and affordable, in case of questioning the existing safeguards in the rules of evidence which are complement the verification of the totality of visual evidence as captured and stored in a digital articulation. Questions regarding photography as evidence are so discrete that it might more distinguishingly be apprehended as a series of abstracted questions. With time concern, though a couple of centuries old, photography has gone through a tremendous gradation of technical developments, and as a result, it is well distinguished in today’s scenario as compared to what it was at its bearing. This paper attempts to facilitate a critique of the cases which influence in the evaluation of the role of photography as an evidence. Furthermore, the emergence of the cases over a period of time, with reference to the accommodation of photojournalism in order to provide evidence is also outlined. With appropriate spreading as time passed by, photography is viewed as the most accurate representation of the reality or truth because, as such, it was equalized with truth; people seemed to believe that photography could not lie. There were many pictures which belonged to the early times and revealed to man the factuality he has not even suspected to exist, for example, countries which he had never seen, or monuments he did not know about. Throughout the photography’s history, there have been a number of instances inclusive of relevant manipulations of photographs which have been acknowledged as real and truthful. However, with the advent of digital imaging in the early 1980s, the photographic circles were subjected to the fears regarding the aggravating dishonesty of photography. Several prominent cases have depicted such fear, chiefly, one of the most eminent, was a picture published on the cover of the National Geographic in the year 1982, which demonstrated a group of B edouins befalling the pyramids of Gysa (Photography

Is was necessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is was necessary - Essay Example The decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan is unquestionable and the most momentous made during the World War II. The use of the bomb was integral to the decision to develop it, the assumption was the atomic bomb would be employed when it is ready if it was necessary to win or end the war. According to social psychology there are forces affecting public perception that go beyond the argument about the effectiveness of the U.S government (Okuda 170). These factors affected the policy makers and Truman, who were instrumental leading them to believe in their own misinformation in the decision of dropping the bomb .The psychological social factors resulted to parallel decision of Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb and the decision to engage in military conflicts of invading Iraq. The reaction of the policy makers, Truman and the public was the use of the atomic bomb on Japan was in great favor. Truman, the president of United States of America, appointed an interim committee who undertook the Manhattan project which its initiative was to build the atomic bomb. Although the project was immensely expensive, the interim committee had to rationalize their expenses of time, energy and resources. The development of the atomic weapon, for the purpose of using it against the axis was part of the policy from the beginning of war. They considered the atomic weapon to produce deadly explosive weapon of the modern war. The interim committee recommended that the bomb should be used against Japan as soon as possible. The target of the weapon was to be used at the military installation and used without any warning. The project was a special achievement and a special responsibility of the foreign policy. The decision and the extent of the bomb to be used were shaped by the values and the attitudes. The use of the weapon was later motivated by the wish to keep the Soviet Union out of war in the

Improving Learning Through Video Games

Improving Learning Through Video Games Abstract For a long time video games have been considered harmful especially to children and teenagers because they do not give anything productive to the one who is playing. But nowadays everything has change including these stereotypes and myths about playing video games, conversely these video games now are used in different aspects of learning, to stimulate defined areas of our brain. Moreover video games are used as a rehabilitation method for persons with learning problems. The three most important fields that video games improve are the followings: First of all improve mental agility causing an increase of creativity on the subjects who play, also make them able to take decision faster and process more information with many tasks at the same time. Secondly are very useful to improve memory on students what is essential for our daily life and much more when we apply it to studies because a great memory allows us to process and keep more information. And finally reducing academic stress among students avoiding serious psychological problems like depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. Video games prove us that they are not so useless after all. And now what do you think about video games? How Can Video Games Improve Students Creativity and Learning? To be creative means to be in love with life. You can be creative only if you love life enough that you want to enhance its beauty, you want to bring a little more music to it, a little more poetry to it, a little more dance to it. (Osho, n.d.).Since the creation of video games there has been a big problem, if they really are beneficial for the people who play them. Most of the population thinks that video games are harmful for the development of children and teenagers, both in social and personal ambits, making them more violent and unsociable. But everything has changed; nowadays videogames are seen like a new method to boost the IQ in different ways. Now there is a wealth of research which shows that video games can be put to educational and therapeutic uses. Since we were child games encourage us to be more creative and solve problems, is the same with video games, they have a lot of troubles that need to be solve in various situations if we want to keep playing, and this is where creativity has been involved. Furthermore make us take decisions more quickly working with many tasks at the same time without losing concentration. It is a very efficient method in rehabilitation therapies, with children who present learning problems; these video games introduce some ideas of different aspects that help to capture information in an easier form and help to solve problems of laterality and dyslexia. In the educational area are useful because they teach fast, engaging and proficient ways of learning, making studies more enjoyable to students. Moreover they improve the ability to learn and analyze visual information, help with the learning of a new language and also some video games improve reading skills. In few words, video games can improve students creativity and learning by stimulating their mental agility, improving their memory, and decreasing their stress level. Stimulating mental agility with video games Mental agility is a fundamental aspect at learning time, it helps us to analyze information faster and make us able to work with many tasks at the same time. Hand-eye coordination Firstly hand-eye coordination is defined as the use of the eyes to direct muscles towards a task, such as eating or brushing our hair. The vision system coordinates input and sends signals to muscles to make our hands move. This is one of the first aspects that we start to develop in our childhood and also is one of the most important parts of a creative learning. Is essential on children for reading and handwriting because kids also uses their visual system with hand-eye coordination, it can greatly impact their writing skills and handwriting as they use their eyes to guide, direct and control their hand movements across the page as they write letters and words. Useful videogames to improve mental agility Mental agility can be improved with different kinds of video games that also increase creativity levels among gamers. According to the article Scientist Are More Creative Than You Might Imagine (Ossola, 2014) creativity is innate in humans, but it needs to be cultivated, and is here when video games can help. Games that feature quickly moving targets that come in and out of view, include large amounts of disorder, and that requires the user to make rapid and accurate decisions. Action video games have been linked to improving attention skills, brain processing, and cognitive functions including low-level vision through high-level cognitive abilities, moreover this kind of video games are beneficial to develop creativity because they requires spontaneous actions. Video games improve students memory Memory is essential for our daily life and much more when we apply it to studies, a great memory allow us to process and keep more information. Playing video games stimulates memory Our brain as a muscle needs to be exercised to stay fit, and memory only can be enhanced by exercising it, the constantly exercising of our brain help to develop our processing capacity. Games with a little more problem solving and a few more spatially complex tasks may help train the hippocampus that is the brain area that controls the memory. How can video games be introduced in classrooms for educational purposes? We have seen that video games are useful to improve some of our brain areas but, how we can introduce those benefits to educational system? It is simple; in agreement with the video The Finland Phenomenon students need new methods to improve their performance in classrooms and throughout all their learning process. Video games can be used as a teaching material to facilitate learning among students, with funny games about different subjects, by this way they can feel involved with games but at the same time they would learn of what they are playing. In the article The Case for Disruption in Latin Americas Classrooms shows a clear example of learning through games, with the app of Duolingo Latin-American students learn different languages by gaming. Additionally brain games can be used to train students memory giving them more facilities at the time of studying; brain games are an advantageous tool to improve our memory and processing capacity. Less stress, more learning Stress is a common factor between students; it can be caused by many reasons such as too much homework with short deadlines, difficult subjects or midterms. Therefore is very common for stress to generate psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. Consequently academic stress is the cause of all these mental problems, which not allow us to use all our intellectual capacities, causing serious academic problems. If students decrease these high stress levels they would be able to give their full potential on classes. How can video can video games decrease stress levels? Playing video games can relieve stress, reduce depression, and make you feel better. Studies reveal that playing violent video games long-term make us able to adopt mental skills to handle stress, be less depressed and get less hostile during stressful tasks. This is provoked because violent games require being more patient than other kind of games. Video games are useful in cases of high rates of stress, helping gamers to have more control during stressful tasks. Conclusion Our brain like our body needs exercise to remain fit and video games are useful to train it because they potentially enhance our mental skills, giving us the possibility of be more creative at the same time that we improve our mental skills. It is vital that we continue to develop the positive potential of videogames while remaining aware of possible unintended negative effects when game content is not prosocial. At the present time, the most popular games are usually violent. Given current findings, it is reasonable to be concerned about the impact of violent games on some children and adolescents. In addition according to the video A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill you dont need to be a scientist or an excellent student to innovate or be creative, the only thing that you must have is the desire to succeed and learn everyday a little more. In conclusion this topic is important because can improve learning process among students in diverse forms making them more creative by stimulating different parts of their brain such as mental agility, boosting our memory and process information capacity and finally reducing stress caused by the academic pressure.

Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Nutrition Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first began this project I thought the 7 day eating log was going to be a waste of time, but now that have completed it I realize that it is actually very beneficial. I never realized how bad I was eating until I took a step back and looked at it. This has greatly impacted me to change my eating habits, and start to chose healthier foods. Something I learned about myself is that I have a lack of will power when it comes to certain types of candy or food. I saw ice cream come up more than once on the list, which isn’t very healthy. I think this will affect my lifestyle by opening my eyes to my problems with eating, and now I need to correct them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Super Size Me has been a movie that I have been int...

Schizophrenia and Depressed Mothers: Relational Deficits in Parenting

The nine-page paper on parenting capabilities as compared among the Schizophrenic, depressed and well mothers are profoundly interesting and insightful. Central to the profession of Social work is the structural unit which essentially pertains to the family. The mother’s role is one of the most foundational ingredients that make up a home because the general expectation is that she takes on more of the nurturing role than any of the members of the family.The article/research is said to be profoundly interesting because at the outset, despite some knowledge on depression or schizophrenia, the researches showed that there have been major areas that other studies missed especially pertaining on the parenting skills and practices when Schizophrenics or Clinically depressed mothers are the issue.The paper opens with what has been very obvious in the study of schizophrenia; that genetics or heredity is the primary and important issue with the etiology of the disorder. However, the a rticle is more than the previous discoveries on the influence of heredity. I wish to identify specifically what I find very important discoveries I made in the article.A. Because the article is a comparison between Schizophrenic and depressed mothers many details about their respective kinds of personality, lifestyles or manner of living were investigated separately and comparatively. For instance, frequency of hospitalization is more noted with the Schizophrenic women than with depressed ones (p.34). This is noteworthy because this information indicates the severity (in graduated scale) of their respective disorders. Of course compared to well-mothers, depressed ones are at risk, indeed. Hospitalization frequency is indicative of mothers who may have already been in trouble in a period of time.B. Pertaining to the depressed mothers’   Ã¢â‚¬Å"highly limited ability to demonstrate good parenting,† in that they are likely to have difficulty in providing structure and di scipline to their children,   which are exactly the things necessary and essential to develop children as well-adjusted and smart members of society. For example, inside the household, how will the mother do the routines in the morning concerning food preparation, attending to basic hygiene and health of children or even, when they become rowdy and quarrelsome with one another, how will she react to these scenarios? Weisman’s study pointedly mentions the main reason: the mother does not have the energy and the ability to be involved to do even very simple routinary disciplinary actions.C. Implications on these? It is necessary that mothers especially the Depressed for instance, must get the necessary help and that which must address the root cause or strike at the heart of their â€Å"mental/emotional† sickness. Being a social worker, I will be one of the few people who will be the first to call on these people: single parents who seemed to have no options except to prod through life and just keep on even though everything for them is hopeless and aimless. I can truly say I am thoroughly benefited by the readings. I am grateful too, because I have the opportunity to avoid the pitfalls that some of the women had gone through.All this is insightful because I have discovered that although both types of disorders have affective deficits, the lesser affected are the depressed types because she may still be able to â€Å"connect† with her offsprings unlike the Schizophrenic when not only is the mother severely disordered, other complications like the presence of hallucinatory tendencies typical of their case cloud her relationships with her children (Goodman & Brumley, 1987). Implications for my job include: 1.) I know now how to deal with persons with various weaknesses especially those with problems as severe as Schizophrenia or even with mothers who have depressive problems; especially affective or relational deficits; 2.) I have more compa ssion now with mothers or single parents who are poor and especially colored because they have the least access to care and their needs are often neglected;3.) the authors also discussed the other factors usually designated in cases of depression and schizophrenia and effectively pointed out that mother’s responsiveness account for most of the adjustment and proper functioning of children.   I cannot imagine enough those children (in the study) raised by single mothers with such a mental condition as theirs. My work’s significance has tremendously widened and deepened as I see all the individual cases and the problems that accompany them. The guidance I can afford their mothers pertaining to coping with their sicknesses and the needs of the children, and the institutional changes that can possibly help larger numbers are important outputs I gained from the informative article.ReferenceGoodman, Sherryl H., H. Elizabeth Brumley, 1987. â€Å"Schizophrenia and Depressed Mothers: Relational Deficits in Parenting.†

Calculating Ankle Joint Angular Kinematics Health And Social Care Essay

Kinematic information was obtained at 350Hz via an eight camera gesture analysis system as participants ran at 4.0ms-1+5 % , angles were created utilizing the coiling method and about XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequences.The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal and cross plane. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal and cross planes. Post-hoc analyses revealed that ROM and extremum values utilizing the YXZ sequence and extremum values utilizing the ZXY sequence were significantly greater than the others.A popular method of quantifying the angular place of a stiff dynamic frame with regard to a mention frame is via the use of independent angles known normally as cardan or Euler angles ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Cardan/Euler rotary motions are obtained by agencies of an order sequence of rotary motions ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Rotations are considered to happen about the axis of the section co-ordniate system. For illustration during an XYZ cardan sequence of rotary motions, the section is rotated about the X axes by an angle A, so rotates about a revolved Y ‘ by an angle B and so eventually rotated about a twice rotated Z † axes by an angle C ( Scahce et al. , 2001 ) . For a given gesture, different cardan sequences can act upon the angular computations ( Cole et al. , 1993 ) . The International Society of Biomechanics ( ISB ) recommends that joint angles be calculated utilizing an XYZ sequence of rotary motions ( Wu and Cavanagh 1995 ) . However, the big sum of sagittal plane gesture during pace can encroach on the representation of motions outside the sagittal plane ( transverse talk ) , ensuing in greater than expected coronal/transverse plane articulation profiles ( Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . As such it has been proposed that the XYZ sequence when applied to rotary motions outside the sagittal plane may non be the most appropriate method. A choice figure of probes have examined the influence that changing the sequence of rotary motions has on the representation of segmental kinematics ( Schace et al. , 2001, Kavaduna et al. , 2000, Tupling and Pierrynowski 1987 and Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . However none of these probes have focused on the consequence that changing the sequence may hold on ankle joint kinematics. In add-on to the normally used method of Cardan angles, coiling angles ( Woltring et al. , 1985 ) can besides be used to depict joint gesture when projected on to a plane. The coiling method from a mention place is described in footings of rotary motion about and interlingual rendition along a individual line or axis in infinite ( Robertson et al. , 2004 ) . The ankle articulation plays a cardinal function in the stance stage pace rhythm. In combination with the hip and articulatio genus articulations the mortise joint facilitates motive power and transmits forces and minutes during the stance stage when the pes is regarded as the interface of the human locomotor system with the environment. Therefore, motion of the mortise joint is an of import constituent of pace mechanics and as such the right reading of its motion is indispensable in kinematic analyses. This survey investigated the influence of the coiling method every bit good as the 6 available cardan sequences on ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes.MethodParticipants Eleven male participants volunteered to take portion in this probe ( age 19 + 1 old ages ; Height 176.5 + 5.2 centimeter ; Mass 78.4 + 9.0 kilogram ) . All were injury free at the clip of informations aggregation and completed an informed consent signifier. Ethical blessing for this undertaking was obtained from the School of Psychology moralss commission, University of Central Lancashire and each participant provided verbal consent. A statistical power analysis of pilot informations was conducted in order to cut down the likeliness of a type II mistake and find the minimal figure participants needed for this probe. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to supply more than 70 % statistical power in the experimental step. Procedure An eight camera gesture analysis system ( Qualisys Medical AB, Goteburg, Sweden ) captured kinematic informations at 350Hz from each participant running at 4.0ms-1. Velocity was controlled utilizing infrared photoelectric cells Newtest 300 ( Newtest, Oy Koulukatu 31 B 11 90100 Oulu Finland ) , a maximal divergence of + 5 % from the in agreement speed was allowed. Participants ran over a force platform ( Kistler, Kistler Instruments Ltd. , Alton, Hampshire, UK ; Model 9281CA ) , stance clip was determined as the clip over which 20N or greater of perpendicular force was applied to the force platform. The marker set used for the survey was based on the CAST technique ( Cappozo et al. , ( 1995 ) . Retro-reflective markers were attached to the 1st and 5th metatarsal caputs, median and sidelong maleoli, median and sidelong epicondyle of the thighbone, with a tracking bunch positioned on the right shank. A inactive test was captured to specify the pes and tibial sections. Kinematic parametric quantities were quantified utilizing Ocular 3-D ( C-Motion Inc, Gaithersburg, USA ) and filtered utilizing at 6 Hz utilizing a zero-lag low base on balls Butterworth 4th order filter following insertion with a maximal spread fill of 10 frames. Five tests of ankle joint rotary motion during stance were averaged for each participant. Angles were created about an XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequence referenced to organize systems about the proximal terminal of the section, where Ten is flexion-extension ; Y is ab-adduction and is Z is internal-external rotary motion. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics including agencies and standard divergences were calculated for each status. Differences in stance stage kinematic variables were examined utilizing perennial steps ANOVA ‘s with significance accepted at the P & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree. The Mauchly ‘s sphericalness premise was violated in all instances and as such the grades of freedom of the F statistic were adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser rectification. The Shapiro-wilk statistic for each status confirmed that the informations were usually distributed. Appropriate post-hoc analyses were conducted utilizing a Bonferroni rectification to command for type I error. Effect sizes were calculated utilizing an Eta2. Cohen ‘s suggestion sing effects sizes was observed ( little R & A ; lt ; 0.3 ; medium R & A ; gt ; 0.3 and & A ; lt ; 0.5 ; big & A ; gt ; 0.5. All statistical processs were conducted utilizing SPSS 17.0.ConsequenceTables 1 and 2 present scopes of gesture and peak angles observed in al l three planes of rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence.Table1: Mean ( and standard divergence ) scope of gesture ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ 27.94 + 10.34 5.62 + 3.86 4.67 + 3,21 XZY 26.75 + 11.35 5.29 + 5.13 5.88 + 4.52 YXZ 25.67 + 11.45 17.04 + 11.95 15.22 + 10.45 YZX 26.51 + 11.37 6.86 + 5.83 4.08 + 2.04 ZXY 26.38 + 10.12 15.96 + 27.51 28.78 + 11.73 ZYX 24.52 + 12.17 6.16 + 6.47 4.09 + 2.17 Coiling 25.45+8.64 5.26 + 6233 5.08 + 2.72 Main Effect**Table 2: Mean ( and standard divergence extremum values ) ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ -87.65 + 3.83 -11.04 + 5.48 -2.14 + 4.53 XZY -87.70 + 3.57 -11.15 + 5.46 0.21 + 4.78 YXZ -84.07 + 5.05 -68.25 + 24.29 -71.01 + 20.91 YZX -87.64 + 3.68 1.00 + 4.97 -11.71 + 4.80 ZXY -87.7 + 3.66 1.07 + 20.47 -1.42 + 13.41 ZYX -84.6 + 3.75 -3.18 + 4.88 -11.78 + 4.81 Coiling -87.75 + 2.40 -7.40 + 7.68 -11.91 + 3.27 Main Effect**The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal F ( 1.85, 16.66 ) = 10.04, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.53 and cross plane F ( 2.04, 18.39 ) =21.91, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.71. Post-hoc analyses revealed that both coronal and cross plane ROM utilizing the YXZ and ZXY sequences was significantly greater than the others. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal F ( 2.28, 20.48 ) = 82.99, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.90 and transverse planes F ( 2.08, 18.72 ) = 80.49, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.90. Post-hoc analyses revealed that peak coronal and cross plane angles utilizing the YXZ sequence were significantly greater than the others.Figure 1: Ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes as a map of cardan sequence ( XYZ= black, XZY= red, YXZ=yellow, YZX=blue, ZXY= cyan, ZYX=green and Helical =purple.DiscussionEuler/Cardan angles are used extensive ly within the Fieldss of clinical and sport biomechanics. However, the consequence of changing the sequence of rotary motions has yet to be investigated with regard to the ankle articulation composite. The consequences indicate that changing the sequence of rotary motions when detecting kinematics in the sagittal plane has no important affect on joint scope of gesture parametric quantities. This is unsurprising given the laterality of sagittal plane gesture at the mortise joint during pace. Leading to the decision that choosing the appropriate sequence of rotary motions is non an issue when look intoing kinematics in the sagittal plane. However, for the coronal and cross planes a important consequence was found in footings of both the scope of gesture and peak angle observed during the stance stage. The consequences of this survey with regard to the mortise joint articulation found that the ZXY and YXZ sequences significantly affected ankle joint kinematics bring forthing highly big values for both scope of gesture and peak angles. The mistake associated with these sequences is such that the kinematic estimations are anatomically unrealistic. It is interesting to observe that the two combinations which were observed to be significantly different from the others ( YXZ and ZXY ) each had X 2nd in the order of rotary motions. This was the instance even when the principal axis under probe is placed foremost ( i.e. ZXY when detecting transverse plane rotary motion and YXZ when detecting coronal plane rotary motion ) , where one would presume that the comparative orientation could non be affected by the grade of sagittal plane gesture holding been placed after it in the sequence. It appears based on these consequences that the ISB recommendations are appropriate for the representation of ankle joint kinematics and as such its usage is encouraged, as it will let comparing of future research trying to quantify ankle joint gesture performed by different research workers. In add-on the consequences suggest that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produce the greatest mistake and therefore the use of these sequences to quantify ankle gesture outside the sagittal plane is strongly discouraged. This survey emphasizes the demand for methods leting joint kinematics to be measured accurately. Therefore, guaranting joint map is represented right.

Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge Essay Example

Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge Essay Example Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge Paper Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge Paper Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge is a tightfisted miser who has only one purpose in life, to extort as much money and profit he can from anything and everything. As with all things, too much of one thing is bad for you; Scrooges miserly ways are catching up with him. His cheap ways have not brought him any friends, quite the contrary; they have brought him derision and scorn. He was thought of as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire. As we can see, he wasnt a very pleasant person, but that is to be expected of people who work around money all their lives. Money became more than a possession to Scrooge, all his coins were his little children. He hoarded them and kept them safe in their strongboxes. To give away but one petty coin, would have been asking Scrooge to give away part of his soul. He was greedy and crooked to the bone. No warmth could warm him, no wintry weather chill him. However much you may want to consider Scrooge blameless, after all, a mans behaviour and temperament is directly linked to the environment he works in, it is all too clear that he brought this sour disposition and attitude upon himself. Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come to see me? Scrooge had an inherent fear of opening up to people. All his years of working with money have turned him into a recluse. He was a unique type of man, a man who became a hermit while living in society. He retreated into his shell of seclusion and misconceptions whenever he was prompted to be sociable or generous. Too much money can go to your head. Scrooge would have stayed like this till the end of his days until one night, the most remarkable thing happened. Scrooge was one of those men who took little joy in the happiness of others around them. He cared nothing for sentimentalities and he looked upon the upcoming Christmas festivities with thinly veiled contempt. Christmas was a time for finding yourself a year older, and not an hour richer. He could despised Christmas, and he especially despised fools who thought it fun and joyous, . . . every idiot who goes about with Merry Christmas on his lips, should be boiled with his own pudding, and buried with a stake of holly through his heart. These famous lines were uttered by Scrooge on Christmas Eve, 7 years to the day, of his old partner, Jacob Marleys death. Then as Scrooge was about to enter his marvelously slum-like mansion, he looked at his doorknocker, and nearly fainted dead away with fright. Scrooge saw in the knocker not a knocker, but Marleys face. Bad omens breed ill times to come, and this was most definitely a bad omen. As Scrooge looked fixedly at this phenomenon, it was a knocker again. This was the beginning of a very long night in which he was visited firstly by the Ghost of Marley. Both Marley and Scrooge were cut from the same cloth; they were miserly and cheap. However, Marley was dead and he was suffering for all his sins. He was being punished for being such a transgressor. He broke the most fundamental rule of Christianity. He hoarded his money and did not share with the poor. Because of this he was not accepted into the kingdom of God and was condemned to eternal misery. Marleys mission was simple; he was trying to seek redemption by saving another soul that was very close to becoming ultimately and irrevocably corrupted. He was trying to save Scrooge from an after-life full of pain and misery. Following this warning, he was to have three more visitations. By the end of the night, he was scared witless and he had feared that he had overslept Christmas. Scrooges transformation from a selfish miser to a man who knew how to keep Christmas well is remarkable and miraculous. Nobody would have thought that a man who lived like that and was stepped was so deeply in his own cesspool of sin could be changed so dramatically and quickly. To make sure that we dont accidentally confuse Scrooge with a nice person, Dickens only portrays him to us in incriminating circumstances to further convince us of his guilt (metaphorically). Dickens goes into great depth to depict Scrooge character with words. He did not have to be concise, as that way he would be able to get his full meaning across. The statements impact would be lowered if the sentences were to be shortened and fewer words were used e. g. Scrooge was a greedy, mean and cold-hearted person with no compassion for anything or anyone but himself! It wouldnt get across just how vile Scrooge was. Dickens presents Scrooges character to us throughout the novel in his many bad deeds, which show us what he is like. Dickens shows us scenes such the one in which Scrooge is cantankerous and grumpy with his clerk, Let me here another sound from you, and youll keep your Christmas by losing your situation! and Fred his nephew. The next description of Scrooge character is No eye at all is better than an evil eye, dark master! This sentence helps to reinforce our views that Scrooge was mean-hearted. His bad looks were enough to inspire dislike towards him. Dickens was in a descriptive frenzy Marley in his pigtail, usual waistcoat, tights and boots; the tassels on the latter bristling, like his pigtail, and his coat-skirts, and the hair upon his head. The chain he drew was clasped about his middle. It was long, and wound about him like a tail. The descriptions that Dickens uses are intense as they show the presentation of the character. Dickens goes into tremendous detail concerning the food around the Ghost of Christmas Present. He wants us to really be there, to taste the gravy, and smell the pies. He wants us to become part of the story, not just readers. Dickens uses powerful vocabulary to involve us. Heaped up on the floor, to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat, sucking-pigs, long wreaths of sausages, mince pies, plum-puddings, barrels of oysters, red-hot chestnuts, cherry-cheeked apples, juicy oranges, luscious pears, immense twelfth-cakes, and seething bowls of punch, that made the chamber dim with their delicious steam. His vivid descriptions of the food are astounding. This was no ordinary Christmas dinner; it was fit for a king; the perfect Christmas dinner. The scene where Scrooge meets the spirit is also painstakingly detailed (surprise, surprise! ). The details he has used set the atmosphere and draw in the reader. The reader just has to continue, or he may miss some vital little detail without which the picture is not complete. It was clothed in one simple green robe, or mantle, bordered with white fur. The dialogue in the book helps the story to go on and the characters to express their feelings through the dialogue. Dickens does not purposely confuse us with his odd vocabulary; it is just the only way he can make the characters express their true feelings. Scrooges words to the spirit are apparently unambiguous though. If you have anything to teach me then let me gain by this lesson to better myself. The use of dialogue between Scrooge and the ghost of Christmas yet to come, in stave four is a good example of feelings being expressed through dialogue, as this final spirit changes Scrooge and he experiences great sorrow. For once, Dickens has not sprinkled the dialogue with a myriad of different old style words and sayings. This last extract is of the ghost of Christmas yet to come. We see at the beginning of the fourth stave that a solemn phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached. We instantly gain an impression of the phantom, and its slow movements. Dickens has set the mood of this stave brilliantly by describing the hooded figure. The description of the phantom is brim-full of adjectives giving the reader no respite. However, this brings a new light into the phantom. We see it in our minds eye as it was meant to be (or maybe not). Dickens does a marvelous job of illustrating the phantom for us, and only by using mere words too! His power of convincing us that what we are reading is actually going on is almost magical. He brings new depth to the story using vibrant descriptions and not so vibrant images of foul things and phantoms. It was shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face and left nothing of it visible save one outstretched hand. This is marvelous. We can actually now see the phantom; a thin bony thing with an outstretched hand clawing towards you, ready to drag you to the deepest pit in Hell. This is very ironic, as in fact, the phantom is here to help, not to kill, or hurt. However, throughout this dialogue that we witness between Scrooge and the spirit, Scrooge clearly feels intimidated and uneasy, but we realize that the spirit is here to help him, not to do harm to him. Ghost of the future! I fear you more then any specter I have ever seen. But I know your purpose is to do me good. Scrooge becomes anxious to see what lies ahead for him as he says Lead on! Lead on! The night is waning fast, and it is precious time to me, I know. Lead on, spirit! At the end of stave four Scrooge begins to cry and shows true emotion through the dialogue as he cries and pleads with the spirit to forgive him, as he believes that he is a changed man and that this is his final chance for redemption. Hear me! I am not the man I was! Scrooge is finally showing some bit of humanity behind that polished and fraudulent fai ade, as he learned to be happy; he learned to be sad. Throughout that long night, Scrooge transformed himself from a crooked old man, to a friendly and jolly gentleman. A very good analogy would be the one of the ugly chrysalis transforming itself into the beautiful butterfly. Scrooge was in his chrysalis stage for too long and had become petrified there. The three spirits helped to change all of that with their magical touch (metaphorically, after all, they had no substance, so they couldnt touch him). Scrooges heart had been touched (somehow) and the dam had cracked. He was finally able to let some emotions and human feelings flow through without fear of any reprisal. Scrooge was a changed man. His words show that more than anything else. I dont want to die before I can redeem myself! I will do it if you let me live. Scrooge has become friendly. He calls out. Boy! Hallo! Whoop, Hallo there! My fine fellow! He probably never even thought of calling anyone his fine fellow, let alone having done it. An intelligent boy, delightful boy, what a pleasure to talk to him! Scrooge has complimented someone for possibly the first time in his life. The warm feeling it gives him of being able to inspire happiness in others convinces him that Christmas should be a happy time, even for the less fortunate. So, without further delay, he buys a huge turkey and sends it over to Bob Cratchits house. Deep down, beneath that bleak exterior Scrooge was a greedy, mean and cold-hearted person with no compassion for anything or anyone but himself! there was a human heart beating, and human feelings lurked beneath the surface. They were well hidden from view, but they were struggling to escape. His transformation is remarkable; he saved himself from a life without love and without friends, by finally opening up and facing his paranoia and fears. He thought that showing any weakness would destroy him; he thought that showing compassion would demean him, he thought that he could survive on his own in a world where everyone depends on everyone else. He was wrong on all three counts. .

Concept Paper

Concept Paper Concept Paper Concept Paper: Protect Your Project! What is a concept paper? What purposes does writing of this kind of paper have? Looking for answers for these questions? This article will help you make this issue clear for you! A concept paper as a kind of the academic writing A concept paper acts as a proposal for a project. Sometimes the notions concept paper and proposal are even used as synonyms. So, why should you write a concept paper? This kind of paper is called to present a preliminary summary of your project. The success of your project will depend on the success of your concept paper. Other words, you should convince the committee that your project is worth doing, it will have the theoretical value and the practical application. So, what kind of information should a concept paper contain? When writing a concept paper you should state the following:The purpose of your investigation. Why did you decide to investigate this issue? What will be the use of the results of this invest igation? The subject of your research. What questions will you consider? The methodology. In what way will you conduct your research? The literature review. What works will your project be based on? Concept paper writing tipsThink over the title of your concept paper. It should be a good illustration of the main idea of your project. The title should be made clearly and correctly. Do not forget that it will be the first thing that your audience will read. If you are going to persuade this audience that your project will be VERY GOOD, nothing may cause any doubt about that! You should state what period of time it will take you to complete your project pointing out the main stages of the writing process. One should mention that this is the characteristic of concept papers. Your audience should know not only what you are going to write about but also how long you will do. When writing your concept paper use different examples, statistical data or results of some obs ervations. That will help you complete 2 tasks. Firstly, the usage of such elements will help catch the interest of your readers. Secondly, your concept paper will sound more convincing when containing such information. Keep in mind this information when writing your concept paper. Remember: the more clearly and convincing you will write it, the more chances you will have in getting high points for your project.

How to Write a Great Book Report

How to Write a Great Book Report One assignment has lasted the test of time, uniting generations of students in a common learning exercise:  book reports. While many students dread these assignments, book reports can help students learn how to interpret texts and gain a broader understanding of the world around them.  Well-written books can open your eyes to new experiences, people, places, and life situations that you may have never thought about before. In turn, a book report is a tool that allows you, the reader, to demonstrate that you have understood all the nuances of the text you just read. What'sa Book Report? In the broadest terms, a book report  describes and summarizes a work of fiction or nonfiction. It sometimes- but not always- includes a personal evaluation of the text. In general, regardless of grade level, a book report will include an introductory paragraph that shares the title of the book and its author.  Students will often develop their own opinions about the underlying meaning of the texts through developing thesis statements, typically presented in the opening of a book report,  and then using examples from the text and interpretations to support those statements.  Ã‚   Before You Start Writing A good book report will address a specific question or point of view and back up this topic with specific examples, in the form of symbols and themes. These steps will help you identify and incorporate those important elements. It shouldnt be too hard to do, provided youre prepared, and you can expect to spend, on average, 3-4 days working on the assignment. Check out these tips to ensure youre successful: Have an objective in mind.  This  is the main point you want to present or the question you plan to answer in your report.  Ã‚  Keep supplies on hand when you read.  This is  very  important. Keep sticky-note flags, pen, and paper nearby as you read. If youre reading an eBook, make sure you know how to use the annotation function of your app/program.  Ã‚  Read the book.  Seems obvious, but too many students try to take a shortcut and simply read summaries or watch movies, but you often miss important details that can make or break your book report.Pay attention to detail.  Keep an eye out for clues that the author has provided in the form of symbolism. These will indicate some important point that supports the overall theme. For instance, a spot of blood on the floor, a quick glance, a nervous habit, an impulsive action, a repetitive action... These are worth noting.Use your sticky flags to mark pages.  When you run into  clues or interesting passages, mark the page by placing the sticky note at the beginning of the relevant line.  Ã‚   Look for themes.  As you read, you should begin to see an emerging theme. On a notepad, write down some notes on how you came to determine the theme.Develop a rough outline.  By the time you finish  reading the book,  you will have recorded several possible themes or approaches to your objective. Review your notes and find points that  you can back up with good examples (symbols).   Your Book Report Introduction The start  of your book report provides an opportunity to make a solid introduction to the material and your own personal assessment of the work. You should try to write a strong introductory paragraph  that grabs your readers attention. Somewhere in your first paragraph, you should also state the books title  and the authors name. High school-level papers should include publication information as well as brief statements about the books angle, the genre, the theme, and a hint about the writers feelings in the introduction. First Paragraph Example: Middle School Level: The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a book about a young man growing up during the Civil War. Henry Fleming is the main character of the book. As Henry watches and experiences the tragic events of the war, he grows up and changes his attitudes about life. First Paragraph Example: High School Level: Can you identify one experience that changed your entire view of the world around you? Henry Fleming, the main character in The Red Badge of Courage, begins his life-changing adventure as a naive young man, eager to experience the glory of war. He soon faces the truth about life, war, and his own self-identity on the battlefield, however. The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a coming of age novel published by D. Appleton and Company in 1895, about thirty years after the Civil War ended. In this book, the author reveals the ugliness of war and examines its relationship to the pain of growing up. The Body of the Book Report Before you get started on the body of the report, take a few minutes to jot down some helpful information by considering the following points. Did you enjoy the book?Was it well written?What was the genre?(fiction) Which characters play important roles that relate to the overall theme?Did you notice reoccurring symbols?Is this book a part of a series?(nonfiction) Can you identify the writers thesis?What is the writing style?Did you notice a tone?Was there an obvious slant or bias? In the body of your book report, you will use your notes to guide you through an extended summary of the book. You will weave your own thoughts and impressions into the plot summary. As you review the text, youll want to focus on key moments in the storyline and relate them to the perceived theme of the book, and how the characters and setting all bring the details together. Youll want to be sure that you discuss the plot, any examples of conflict that you encounter, and how the story resolves itself. It can be helpful to use strong quotes from the book to enhance your writing.   The Conclusion As you lead to your final paragraph, consider some additional impressions and opinions: Was the ending satisfactory (for fiction)?Was the thesis supported by strong evidence (for nonfiction)?What interesting or notable facts do you know about the author?Would you recommend this book? Conclude your report with a paragraph or two that covers these additional points. Some teachers prefer that you re-state the name and author of the book in the concluding paragraph. As always, consult your specific assignment guide or ask your teacher if you have questions about what is expected of you.

Afro-Argentineans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Afro-Argentineans - Essay Example For those of African ancestry, in particular those in Argentina, it is important to find out just why their history and perhaps their very existence have been so whitewashed. These questions are just as important to a historian, or any person who is interested in the matter, and need to be answered. Argentina was not a plantation oriented country; therefore, the slave trade did not flourish as much as in other parts of Latin America. However, this does not mean that there were no slaves in Argentina in general and Buenos Aires in particular. Buenos Aires was, in fact, one of the major ports where the slave ships were docked (Molina). From these slave ships, a lot of slaves were smuggled into Buenos Aires, of course with the tacit consent of the authorities. Most of the African slaves that were obtained in Buenos Aires were either for household help purposes (cooks, handmaids etc.) or were artisans who were rented out by their masters to those in need of their services (Quintana). Moreover, the tasks that were considered to be below the dignity of the â€Å"white† population, such as cleaning the sewers, were also relegated to them (Quintana). Some estimates state that about one-fourth to one-third of the population of Buenos Aires, in the early nineteenth century, compri sed of Afro-Argentines (Gudmundson). However, by the late nineteenth century, in the 1887 census to be exact, they comprised of about 1.8% of the population (Reel 1), after which a new category was introduced in their stead, that of â€Å"trigueno† or â€Å"wheatish† (Mundra 1), which of course included such white Europeans as the Italians and Sicilians who were darker than the others. So the question that begs to be asked is: where did all these Afro-Argentines disappear? And if it is to be accepted that there is no longer any Afro-Argentine or black population in Buenos Aires, then how does one account for people who

HISTORY AND THEORY OF NEW MEDIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HISTORY AND THEORY OF NEW MEDIA - Essay Example orking at this famous Paris erotic club which was established in 1951 go repeatedly through an ordeal of agony when they get to wear so little and work so hard. The very graceful and artistic movement of their bodies is well explored and choreographed in this documentary in order to show the public how artistic ambitions relate with practicality and how much tension and agony is involved in such association. The beautiful women at Crazy Horse work so hard to present the best artistic talent possible to the public visiting the club but in the process of exhibiting the typical â€Å"French blend of vulgarity and sophistication† (Scott), they suffer a lot themselves. Focusing on physicality and movement, it is shown in the documentary that the naked women dancing at this French club work exceptionally hard with the result that their performances appear to be more aesthetic than erotic. The practice sessions these women go through before finally appearing before the public are als o â€Å"painstakingly detailed affairs† (Turan). Scott, A.O. â€Å"The Agony Behind an Erotic Club’s Ecstasy.† The New York Times. 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 25 Sep. 2012.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Law - Essay Example Police involvement is seen as necessary in cases of murder, child abuse and obvious injustice, but in terms of everyday activities, youth perceive that police do not take the time to properly assess the situation before jumping to a conclusion and that they should be walking the streets more rather than driving around in cars. The research suggests stories among young people regarding what good policing might be are rare while stories regarding what bad policing is are very common. Both recognize communication might be an answer to improving the relationship, but little opportunities are forthcoming. Book 2 – Arlacchi, P. (1998) ‘Some Observations on illegal Markets’ in Ruggiero, V. South, N. and Taylor, L. The New European Criminology. Crime and Social Order in Europe (London/New York: Routledge), pp 203- 215 Laws defining illegal products and services began to be developed as a reaction to the slave and opium trades in the 18th century. With the introduction of these laws, there has been increased activity in illegal markets as profit rates for these items have jumped. Illegal markets share many of the same attributes with legal markets and consists of two main components: the competitive sector and the oligopolistic sector who has the ability to combine economic, political and military resources. Where illegal markets differ is in the frequent presence of multifaceted organizational entities, high transaction costs that foster invisible exchange networks and the absence of a formal apparatus that works to ensure transactions are handled smoothly. This activity depends on available capital, violence and inaction on the part of enforcing agencies. These criminal networks are hidden in commercial diasporas, communication links created by extensive migration and power networks. Corruption becomes possible when an agent, a principal and a third party whose gains and losses depend upon the agent come together.

The Influence of the Bible on Contemporary Music Research Paper

The Influence of the Bible on Contemporary Music - Research Paper Example Music is influenced by the nature of the culture from which the artists have developed their aesthetic point of view. Music expresses emotional connections which are enhanced by the literary value of the lyrics that are written to define the subject matter. One of the most influential pieces of literature of the past two thousand years has been the Bible, the rise of Christianity forming culture and transforming the nature of life. Music and lyrics, as art forms, naturally reflect the cultural influence that the Bible has had on Western society. The Bible has influenced modern music, both in positive and negative venues, the Judeo-Christian foundation of society evolving in a wide variety of formats and belief systems. While some artists express joy from this perspective, others express anger and resentments. From either point of view, the Bible has been a strong influence on culture with the arts, including modern music, reflecting that influence. Schippe and Stetson explore the many ways in which the Bible has influenced society. Literature, the newspaper, rock musicians, screen writers, television producers, and advertisers, all frequently use the Bible for inspiration for their work. Fine artists and commercial artists use the Bible in order to gain inspiration for their work as well (1). The Bible is a double edged sword in regard to the influence it brings to society. The moral and ethical structure that Western society is based upon is derived from the Bible, thus much of the positive imagery found in the arts can be attributed to the Bible. However, there is a darker side of the Judeo-Christian heritage that often finds its way into the arts. ... Her greatest hits album at the end of 1990 was titled The Immaculate Collection, a tongue in cheek take on the concept of the immaculate conception story in the Bible. Christian images are even more prevalent in her video interpretations of her music than even in the music itself (Taraborelli 203). In her song Like a Prayer, the visual imagery is specific to the crucifixion and to the embodiment of a deified male character who is associated with Christ. According to Campbell, the message of the song is that we are all brothers and sisters under Christ, that racism diminishes humanity. Her video emphasizes the spiritual nature of the music even though the music provides no straight narrative to the visual imagery (299). The band Devo used the influence of the Bible as a starting point from which to define some of the music that they created. They saw the Bible as a mythology, a set of beliefs from which society defined its place in the universe and Devo saw that hubris as humanity pla cing itself at the center of the universe. The name of their band, Devo, was constructed from the concept of de-evolution. In creating music that was contradictory in nature to the influence of the mythology of the bible, they were â€Å"attacking ideas that people have that they’re at the center of the universe† (Crisafulli 65). In naming their band by a name that came into conflict with creationism and evolutionism, Devo was making a comment on the pride with which religion elevates human beings above a place in which they lose their awe for all of nature. The music of politically inspired musicians often also include music that is inspired by the Bible. Sinead O’Conner, greatly influenced by the politicized,

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts - Case Study Example This comparison is related to the MIS process because it is a complex issue to understand yet it is needed in the world right now. It is meant to improve human functions in the world and make work easier. 2. The author states that, ‘Kurzweil suggests that the progress of the entire 20th century would have been achieved in only 20 years at the rate of advancement in the year 2000’ (Urban, n.d). I agree with the author because the rate of growth and progress when compared from generation to generation shows that it has been increasing over time. The rate of growth in the twentieth century was slow compared to the rate of growth in the year 2000. With the technological differences in the year 2000 coupled with other changes in discoveries and infrastructure, it is indeed true that the progress of the entire 20th century could have been achieved in 20 years time, in the year 2000. There is a relation to consider in terms of behavioral tendencies because people behave differently at different times because behavior is influenced by different circumstances, occurrences and state of being. Therefore, behavioral tendencies are bound to change over time. a) That then it comes to history, people think in straight lines meaning that to predict what will happen in the future, people tend to look back instead of exponentially and judge from current and past rates of change. This makes people think erroneously of the future. b) People use the trajectory of recent years, which does not often show the real picture. Growth and change do not occur in similar ways all the time, therefore judging future outcomes from recent changes is erroneous. c) People’s experiences make them stubborn about understanding the future. People judge the world based on personal experience, which limits their thinking and imagination of the future. This makes them make poor, subjective and wrong judgments about the

E-Logistics and International supply Chain Management Essay - 1

E-Logistics and International supply Chain Management - Essay Example Furthermore, industries are driving towards landscape that is defined as flat one by Thomas Friedman. Thomas Friedman declared that era of multinational corporations or the era of globalization 1.0 especially in high tech industries is on the verge of passing away. Similarly, there is a major shift in the aero-strategy and the systems with which the aircrafts are conceived, planned, produced, and supported have changed considerably. The new era defined as globalization 2.0 is the era of horizontal specialization with tight integrations of specialized original equipment manufacturer (OEM) (AIAC, 2009). With this the new era of globalization in the aerospace industry, 320-hectare Seletar Aerospace Park of Singapore has managed to attract the considerable investment from the aerospace manufacturers across the world as reported in the Financial times recently published article (Grant, 2014). Among leading investors include leading aerospace industry giant Rolls Royce and the supply chain perspective for Rolls Royce in Singapore’s aerospace hub forms the central idea of this paper. This paper is based on the assessment of factors that drove Rolls Royce towards Singapore and its potential challenges in place; while concluding with, action to overcome challenges. The aerospace industry, including the defense and commercial industry, accounted for $695 billion in the year 2012 with four percent increases from 2011. The annual operating profits $59.8 billion and 8.6% annual profit margin (PwC, 2013a). According to another project in reference from past trend, the future is projected as follows: According to Capgemini (2011) the demand drivers of the industry is the reviving economies while, at the same time, growth in demand from the middle-east, China and India have been offsetting the slowed demand from developed part of the world. The major factor driving demand includes the rising low cost carrier pattern trends specifically in the developing countries.

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AI and its Future-Altering Impacts - Case Study Example This comparison is related to the MIS process because it is a complex issue to understand yet it is needed in the world right now. It is meant to improve human functions in the world and make work easier. 2. The author states that, ‘Kurzweil suggests that the progress of the entire 20th century would have been achieved in only 20 years at the rate of advancement in the year 2000’ (Urban, n.d). I agree with the author because the rate of growth and progress when compared from generation to generation shows that it has been increasing over time. The rate of growth in the twentieth century was slow compared to the rate of growth in the year 2000. With the technological differences in the year 2000 coupled with other changes in discoveries and infrastructure, it is indeed true that the progress of the entire 20th century could have been achieved in 20 years time, in the year 2000. There is a relation to consider in terms of behavioral tendencies because people behave differently at different times because behavior is influenced by different circumstances, occurrences and state of being. Therefore, behavioral tendencies are bound to change over time. a) That then it comes to history, people think in straight lines meaning that to predict what will happen in the future, people tend to look back instead of exponentially and judge from current and past rates of change. This makes people think erroneously of the future. b) People use the trajectory of recent years, which does not often show the real picture. Growth and change do not occur in similar ways all the time, therefore judging future outcomes from recent changes is erroneous. c) People’s experiences make them stubborn about understanding the future. People judge the world based on personal experience, which limits their thinking and imagination of the future. This makes them make poor, subjective and wrong judgments about the

Social networking sites Essay Example for Free

Social networking sites Essay Nowadays, internet and social networking sites have become in useful tools that allow people around the world to communicate and to spread interesting information. They have been used to support politicians during presidential elections. For this reason I do agree with the fact of considering social networking sites as important tools to foster relationships. In the field of education, these sites are very useful, since students have the opportunity to interact with others by planning and working on school assignments. Teachers on their part also find internet as an interesting tool, using it in their Persuasive Essay There are countless social media that make it possible to form broad connections between people. Since the function that people can interact online through social media, chat or share information with each other and the service they can receive by using it are very impressive, most of people have their own account for participating. As users of social media increase, there is a debate whether social media gives good influences to people or not. Although social media leads people to have more interaction and promotes long-distance relationships, it has a lot of bad things that make us out of control. Many of social media users are addicted and they became more isolated by using social media. The most famous social networks, YouTube, Facebook and Skype are included. It is important to know why people have to use social media carefully and need some restrictions when using it. Many people love social media because of its wide connectivity and functions that people can receive it for free; it does not require money to make an account and use it. Facebook is the most visible among various social media. First thing that people get impressed is, Facebook makes possible to create a deep networking between users. Since each user has a right to accept or refuse the friend request, the interest by people is high enough. Moreover people tend to allow the other’s friend request who have same thoughts and characteristics, by this reason it is able to maintain an intimate relationship. Not only users can leave comment on others post and the other user reply to that comment, by doing this continuing communication can be accomplished. So, it is a same response of users that deep networking can be made naturally. The second benefit is, it is good in long distance relationship. The survey from the â€Å"Telegraph† which is a famous newspaper in United Kingdom, tells that Social networks such as Facebook are helping to inspire a boom in long distance relationships. The number of people who have a partner that lives more than two hours away increased about twice in the last 10years. Three quarters of them say that by using social network such as Facebook and MySpace where everything can be shared, they were able to maintain their long-distance relationship. In my case, I am not living with my family. I live in Utah and my family live in Korea. It is hard to contact each other and I cannot know what my family is doing their country and also they do not know what I am doing in this country. But after we started to use Skype, we can check each other what we daily do. If I want to see my family’s face, I can see by using videophone. Even though I and my family live far away about 5500miles, we can check each other’ status whenever we want because of development of social media. Even if Facebook and MySpace, those kinds of social media have various advantages, it receives less attention than the bad effects of social media. The most serious problem of social media is addiction. One reporter described that â€Å"Text messaging is no longer the biggest teenage obsession, and long gone are the days where the biggest worries for parents were celebrity crushes, massive phone bills from ridiculously long phone calls and chocolate overloads. These teenage obsessions still exist, but in today’s day and age, and in comparison to the Facebook craze, they seem rather insignificant (Director).† This huge issue also applied to me and my friends. When I came to Utah first, I had a hard time conversing with the people in this country. For learning English I decided to do Facebook rather than reading books or watching television, which is effective but not fun method. Because of Facebook’s worldwide connection, I was able to have more time and chance to communicate with my school friends. Soon, I could talk with Utah friends about private things and school work. As my relationship gets stronger, the time I spent doing Facebook extended, chat on-line and do applications already took a place in my life. I felt logging on Facebook was the best time ever in Utah since it helps me to learn language, to make friends, and to escape from boring life on abroad. But, the problem began with doing Facebook actively. My primary work of the day was doing Facebook. I preferred doing Facebook more than any other important work, including doing homework, exercising, sleeping, and even going to school. When I realized there was a problem, it was after I was addicted to Facebook. With my cousin’s help I could get away from Facebook, the dangerous social network. But some of my friends are still suffering from a Facebook with addiction. Another thing is that some person becomes lonelier after using social media. Most people might think that because social media have a benefit that give more opportunity to people to have more interactions through social network, people can strengthen relationship with their friends by chatting and leaving comments on each other’s wall and even people could make new friends by online meeting. Opposed to their thoughts, it is not. According to interview with Dr. John Cacioppo, who is a professor in neuroscience at the University of Chicago, tells that â€Å"â€Å"You can end up online so much that you end up sacrificing face-to-face contact. Having 4000 friends on Facebook might make you feel that you have lots of friends, but you have no face-to-face contact. In that case, loneliness INCREASES (Johnson).† It is not possible to make real relationship if people do not meet face to face. The people who were not talkative and social would be worse. One of my friends could e xample of this. He was poor at interacting with friends, he could not participate in our conversation and if we initiated a conversation, he stepped behind and went to his place. After he started using social media, the number of interaction with friends decreased. And he even did not make new friends through social media and he became less social. It led him to feel more loneness and seriously he tried to suicide once. It was one of happening events around me result of using social media. It is a really serious problem in this society. It is related to human’s life. This big problem is not facing to us. In conclusion, although social media has lots of benefits that are attractive and helpful to us, it usually gives more harmful influences than good effects. Like an addiction and fraud advertising, it is not anymore a small problem that can be ignored. To make better future, it is really important to use social media carefully. All things are depended on you. References Reporter, Telegraph. Facebook Helps Promote Long-Distance Relationships. The Telegraph. UK News, 17 July 2008. Web. 5 Jun 2012. . Director, Social Media. Facebook Addiction Disorder- The 6Symptoms of F.A.D. Social Times. High 5 Games, 2 May 2011. Web. 5 Jun 2012. . Johnson, Darko. Can Facebook make lonely people even lonelier?. MixtheNet. Mixthenet, 2010. Web. 24 Jun 2012. . Posted by Jin Uk Kim at 10:53 PM Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook 1 comment: kooroorooJune 10, 2012 at 10:25 PM Cool. I really like your personal experiences. Also, I like you explained what is good and bad to use social media. i think if you explain more about advertisment in social media, it would be better essay. Reply Load more Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) Blog Archive ââ€" ¼ 2012 (5) ââ€" ¼ June (2) What I revised and why? Persuasive Essay ââ€" º May (3) About Me Jin Uk Kim View my complete profile

Ryanair Strategic Management and Business Planning Case Study

Ryanair Strategic Management and Business Planning Case Study Introduction: Following report is based on the SWOT and PESTEL analysis of the Ryanair. This report will describe about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the ryanair. We will also examine about the external environmental effect by using the political, Economical, social, technological, environmental and legal analysis. There is briefly history of the ryanair which explain the investments and starting problems and till now, about the condition of internally and externally environment of the ryanair. Firstly discuss about the external environmental impact on the Ryanair and related to the strategy of the Ryanair. Basic objective and aim is to provide low cost fare services and increase profitability and to be a leader of market. By using the technique of PESTAL analysis can forecast the environmental change. For the examiner of environmental change have used different approaches like Bowmens strategy clock, Anoffs matrix, Michaels porters strategy. In addition, for determinant explain the porters five force model which have help out in the analysis of the competitive advantage ,new entrants, threats of substitutes. SWOT analysis is the best way to examine the internally condition of the Ryanair. It has explained about the powerful element and weak elements and also given the information about the new opportunities that Ryanair can get. Strategy Management: Strategy is the way and scope of an organization which achieve their goals in changing environments through its configuration of resources and competence with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder desires over the long term periods. There are following points which explain the term strategy: Strategy is concerned with the long term planning of any organization. Strategy is concerned with scope of any organizational activities. Purpose of strategy is to achieve some advantages for the organization over competition. Strategy is also affected by the values and expectation of those who have power in and around the organization, not only environmental forces and strategic forces. Main purpose of strategy is to achieve its aims and goal of organization. History of Ryanair: Ryanair is one of the most aircraft in the world including 44 bases and the 1100+ low fares more than 26 countries connecting with 175 countries. Ryanair has been launched by Ryan family in 1985 with the share capita  £1 and 25 staff members. In 1986 ryanair has taken permission from British airways and Aer linguis. Services are launched 1st turbo 46 seats aircraft from Dublin to London in May. After three year rapid growth , in 1990 ryanair faced  £20m accumulated losses and Ryan family has invested more  £20m and as copying the southwest airlines it was relaunched again and made new strategies under the new managerial systems and reduces their fares from  £99 to  £59 return tickets. In 1991 ryanair has changes its bases from Lutin to new airport of London Stansted which had new terminal and direct link of rail services. With the passage of time, ryanair has seen many changes every year. In 1995, Ryanair had untaken the British airways and Aer linguis. And also celebrated its 10th birthday with the great celebration. It becomes biggest air route in the Europe and internationally and also lowest fare rate airline domestically. Ryanair growth increased rapidly and employees receives shares of Ryanair and Ryanair received new Boeing aircrafts. In 2000, Ryanair has launched its website for the benefit of customers like booking, accommodation, train facilities and many more allowances as well. Furthermore, Ryanair has employed new employees and has developed career. Ryanair also promoted staff in 2007 and 2008. External Environment: Ryanair is largest low cots airline in the Europe. Ryanair is the largest investing and achieved its growth in friendly environment. Ryanair strategy is trying to improve its performance more. Ryanair has replaced its old Boeing aircraft to the new developed technology aircrafts. Ryanair also reduces the use of fuel and minimise the ratio of CO2 per passenger. Strategy of Ryanair is low cost fare and more profitability. Ryanair also use the point to point journey planner and tried to not landing during the way. It also tried to reduce the time. Ryanair also reduced to affection and disturbance by the noise or aircraft. It used new technology for less noise like new winglets and its help out in reduction of noise. Ryanair is the very low cost which is not offered to passenger for free food, drinks and many things. It safe thing not waste it. Ryanair has increased in tourism, employment level, and infrastructure. Theses external element has great impact on the strategy of the ryanair. Ryanair has basic objective low fares and high profit and giving good customer service to the passengers. With the [passage of time strategy of ryanair is developed and many changes incurred in it. Ryanair strategy is reducing the costs which include personnel, equipment cost, airport access rather than its competitors. Moreover, Ryan air with the high productive source is trying to improve its productivity which helps in reducing the labour cost. Ryanair strategy: After examine the SWOT analysis and Ryanair capabilities now we can easily describe about the strategy of Ryanair. Ryanair has cost minimization strategy through this it want to be leader of market and want to gain competitive advantage. Ryanair strategy is trying to focus on the aviation industry, new fleets, and airport charges route services and managing marketing cost etc. Basic aim and objective of ryanair is to increase low fares services and by doing continues progress want to be European low cost scheduled airline. Moreover, Ryanair providing low cost fares for those people who have travelled by other means of transportation and also those people did not ever travel at all. According to the statistical data Ryanair has maintained the recode of punctuality. Ryanair do point to point and non-stop routes which has reduced the cost of services. It also increase the productivity level by using work force which has help out in minimising labour cost. Ryanair also offers Bonuses, compensation, commission on the basis of hours for the encouragement of staff and personnel and crew member and pilot. Ryanair has new reservation system developed internet facility. Ryanair does not compensate with its safety rules, staff training and quality insurance and do not extend its low cost strategy in theses area. For the repairing of the crafts it has contract with the third party according to the European airlines otherwise repairing and maintenance work done by itself in London. Except all of these things ryanai r take care about the customer service, providing food, beverage, travel insurance, car rental and accommodation and it also provide telephonic reservation and different facilities. PESTEL Analysis of Ryanair: Political: In political analysis of ryanair include the internal and external stability of political condition in Europe countries like Middle East. Ryanair has to follow New EU rules and regulation, expansion and duty free sales of products. Government has help to the ryanair to take it internationally. Government also provided full security system to the ryanair. Economical: Outside and inside economy is different in the Europe. Inside economy is stable while outside economy is non stable. Price of fuel is increasing day by day and depreciation of US dollar also increasing. There are some regional subsidies also preferable in the ryanair analysis. Ryan air also created linkage of between new highly speed trains and airport. Social: In social analysis of ryanair, there is increase in grey marketing and also lifestyle of travelling is changing day by day. There is also change in consumers demographics. Demand and preferences of consumers also changed and fluctuated with the passage of time. Technological: Ryanair bought new fleets and advanced technology aircrafts for the consumers satisfaction. It also introduced new software programmes for the improvement in supply chain systems. Ryanair also increase information technology, gambling and competition in the market as well. Ryanair also used satellite television and also try to reduce fuel consumption. Environmental: Ryanair has reduced noise pollution. It has used new technological system to reduce the noise. It also saves the environment from dangerous gases like greenhouse CO2 emission. Legal: Ryanair has followed the legal laws. It has removed the illegal subsidies from airport. Ryanair also claim illegal advertising on the airport. Forecasting Environmental change: Michaels porter generic strategy: Porters generic strategy explains about the cost advantage and differentiation focus. This technique is suitable for those companies who based on cost leadership and differentiation and focus. By using the cost leadership strategy ryanair got the competitive advantage and market leadership. Ryanair has earned very high profit in very short time period by using the low fares. Leadership strategy has given help to the customer for decision making. It has offered to the customer low fares and secondary to secondary flies by using the differentiation. Ryanair has purchases aircrafts not whole fleets but has given best customer service. Ansoffs matrix: Igor Ansoff focuses on the companys present and potential product /services and market situation. There are four possible combinations of growth that is existing product with new product, existing market with new market, market development and product development and diversification. Ryanair has attracted the market towards itself by using the pattern of low cost and reasonable fares. Ryanair has diversified its staff according to the different location and destination. Ryanair is trying to expand its business and developing the staff which will take it towards success. Bowmans strategy clock: Bowmans strategy clock explains competitive position of a company with comparison of competitors. We can analyse the problem and difficulties of Ryanair through this approach from last few years. There are eight different options which can describe the competitive position. These are as follows: low price, low added value, differentiated, hybrid and focus differentiated, increase standard or price, increased price and low value or standard price. From last few years ryanair has performed very affective changes due to its effective managerial system. Ryanair has earned very high profit in very short time by following the affective time schedule giving significant value on the development of Ryanair. National advantage by using techniques of Ryanair: There are different techniques through we can analyse the national advantage of ryanair. Porters five force model: By using the porters five force model, we came to know about the value and importance of the ryanair in Europe market. It includes threat of new entrant, threat of substitute, competitive rivalry, bargaining power of supplier hand customer. Threat of new entrant mean need high profit for coming in the market level and offer customers low fares. Its difficult high investment. It also need flight authorisation. Ryanair has threat of its substitute like ferries, Euro line, cars and rail services and many other substitutes as well. It has also threat from its customers it doesnt have loyalty brand, no switching of the prices, no close relationship with the customer. Air bus and Boeing are the two main supplier of the ryanair and the switch cost from one supplier to another is high because if they do this they need to retained their staff again. Ryanair has more competitive power rather than small airlines because they operate regional level in small airports but ryanair operates on bog airports. Ryanair has threat of its customers, if the prices are sensitive than customer can easily move to other airlines through online advertisement, booking and by offering good customer service so we cannot depend on the customers. Moreover, Price of the ryanair is the main competitive element to others. There is not much differentiation low cost prices to other airlines. As LCC is the high competitive market there are chances to do the same thing. In market there are many competitors they can competition with the prices and profits but in existing situation competitors cannot compete with dead to dead competition by choosing different service routes. SWOT Analysis of Ryanair: Swot Analysis describes the internal situation of the organisation. The main purpose of the SWOT analysis is to know about the strength, weakness, threats and opportunities of the organisation. It is also helpful to bring changes in the strategy of the organisation and came to know about the current the situation and where organisation standing and where it should have to be. Strengths: Ryanair has strong brand image and due to its strong brand image it has reduced the barrier of entry to new airports and has increased the barriers for new entrant. Ryanair is firstly low fares cost airline in the Europe and still maintained its image. London Stansted is the one of busiest aviation traffic zones where are bases of ryanair operationalsing. Ryanair is the innovative and has aggressive marketing quality. Ryanair has enhanced safety, higher fuel efficiency and properly income planning by offering low fares. Single aircrafts has help out in reducing training, maintenance and supervisory cost. Ryanair has reduced it labour cost by reducing by non-unionised it labour forced. Weakness: Negative press report, poor customer services has bad impact on the brand image of the ryanair. Ryanair have low level of trained personnel and also give low level of empathy and moral to the employees but ryanair need well trained craft personnel. If any new taxes are applied on new fares it become cause of misleading, wrong advertisement, misleading website become reason of sensitivity of ryanair. Mobile phones and gambling also not allowed during journey and it is discouraging the customers. Increase in the emission of CO2 and fuel consumption and it has bad impact on environment. Opportunities: If ryanair start better business routes and start new operation by doing merger and acquisition. If ryanair fulfil the EU market requirements then due to its low fare policy it can develop the economy growth and increase the employment opportunities. OPEN SKY agreement can help out to develop its business route and consolidation of low fares. It can attract middle class people for the travelling. Ryanair can also get new fleet on lease and it will be good source of earning. Threats: There many competitors in the market like LLC are direct competitor of ryanair which has affected the share market. Rich people and upper class people dont prefer low fare they want good and high class service so that is also threat for the ryanair. It can create problem to make decision in future. New rules and regulation can be threat for the ryanair, might be it can emphasis to increase the cost. Threat of war and bad weather can create problem in journey planners. Strategic capabilities of Ryanair: Strategic capabilities mean those skills and ability that help out to achiveve the stage of surveillance of market. It has two types. Resources Competences Resources: Threshold resources: Ryanair includes Flights, office equipment, head quarters, finance resources and employees. Core resources: Ryanair has also core resources which is CEO Michael OLeary. Competence : Threshold competences: It includes online banking system, operation of on time delivery, point to point routing. Core competences: Core competence of ryanair is low cost, no frill strategy and route policy strategy. All of these capabilities of the ryanair are the part of the SWOT. We can come to know about the resources of the ryanair and which core concepts and threshold are includes. It is also helpful in analysis of strategy of ryanair. Ryanair competitive advantage: Ryanair have competitive advantage because of its low fares, no frills, point to point fights, online booking, tickles boarding and no refund policies and many more. Except theses there are many reasons like marketing on airports, no cargo service, new air crafts, new fleets and ryanair have corporate partnership which is the reason of high productivity level. Ryanair also provide basic services during journeys. Conclusion and recommendations: At the end, in my point of view Ryanair should have to keep on its competitors which strategy techniques they are using like Virgin airline are using Bowman strategy clock so it should have to use it. Ryanair should have to offer high and good quality service with low prices through these customers will attract more. Yip and Johnson has appraised on their article Transforming Strategy that if the company is offering lower cost with the lower strategy has no work and cannot compete with their rivals. Ryanair has tried to hit the specific market like Ireland UK market by organise growth plans. Ryanair thinks that by increasing the quality service and routes from UK to Europe where the high cost service are available, it can increase the sales. Thus, Ryanair strategy low fare, good service , no frill strategy can make more profit and can increase their income level as well as they can bound in relation with the stakeholders customer and passengers.

Rite of Spring Essays -- essays research papers

Almost definitely imitating the act of new life waking in the spring soil, Stravinsky starts the haunting introduction to his world-renown ballet, Rite of Spring, with a high-pitched lone bassoon. The unstable eeriness continues as a horn and pair of clarinets join in the rubato tempo. Just as everything wakes and bursts into life in spring, so does the piece as more and more instruments join in. Each instrument seems to have a different theme, but seems necessary in portraying the thick texture needed to symbolize the inevitable climactic arrival of Spring. After the orchestra has finished its first outburst and almost all instruments have initially come in, a strange harmonic effect is applied to the viola. As the orchestra draws to a climax the sound is cut-off, and the eerie feeling returns as the bassoon takes its initial theme. This time the orchestra does not burst in afterwards. Instead, a string bridge appears and the next movement greets us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main emphasis of the orchestration in this movement seems to appear in the strings and the Horns. The initial chord is a polychord of Eb 7 and F minor. Heavy strings accompany horns that do not play when expected (polyrhytms). There are accented off beats everywhere (I counted accents on 9, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5 and 3). Thick homophonic strings appear, and are followed by a sudden surge in bassoons and cellos (in different keys- C major and E minor arpeggios all following ...

The Celestine Prophecy :: essays research papers

The Celestine Prophecy The Celestine Prophecy by James Redfield. More popular than The Bridges of Madison County, more philosophical than Socrates, and it rivals onlu R.L. Stein's Fear Street series in bad writing. It's a "novel of ideas" says Kenneth Moyle in his very critical essay "Why I Hate the Celestine Prophecy." "A novel of ideas;" that's a good phrase for this "novel." I read it twice during this assignment: the first time I thought he had great ideas and themes to live by; the second time I still thought he had great ideas, but a terrible way of presenting them. Moyle says "...for all intents and purposes, this is not a novel but rather a New-Age manifesto..." That just about sums it up. This is a great book for someone looking for direction and conflict resolution. However, if you're looking for a book with depth and literary merit, you'd be better off with Danielle Steele. First of all, Redfield's characters are more two-dimentional and unbelieveable than Barbie paper dolls. "The characters...are featureless mouthpiecesfor the monotone authorial voice," says Moyle. A major problem I had with reading The Celestine Prophecy was keeping track of who was who; the characters have little or no distinction between them, and it was a bit confusing because he keeps encountering the same people in different situations. Another thig is Redfield repeats himself and the insights, and I'm assuming he does it on purpose but it gets monotonous. Moyle calls it "considerate," but I think it's just plain repetative. The only way I got complete understanding was to make notes and think about it a LONG TIME. "This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown aside with great force," says Dorothy Parker. I don't feel that strongly about The Celestine Prophecy. "I think there is indeed something to this book," as says Moyle. I think the insights may actually have something to them. I know that our energies (positive and negative) affect other people, things, and situations. The insights helped me put it into a clearer perspective. The Celestine Prophecy :: essays research papers The Celestine Prophecy The Celestine Prophecy by James Redfield. More popular than The Bridges of Madison County, more philosophical than Socrates, and it rivals onlu R.L. Stein's Fear Street series in bad writing. It's a "novel of ideas" says Kenneth Moyle in his very critical essay "Why I Hate the Celestine Prophecy." "A novel of ideas;" that's a good phrase for this "novel." I read it twice during this assignment: the first time I thought he had great ideas and themes to live by; the second time I still thought he had great ideas, but a terrible way of presenting them. Moyle says "...for all intents and purposes, this is not a novel but rather a New-Age manifesto..." That just about sums it up. This is a great book for someone looking for direction and conflict resolution. However, if you're looking for a book with depth and literary merit, you'd be better off with Danielle Steele. First of all, Redfield's characters are more two-dimentional and unbelieveable than Barbie paper dolls. "The characters...are featureless mouthpiecesfor the monotone authorial voice," says Moyle. A major problem I had with reading The Celestine Prophecy was keeping track of who was who; the characters have little or no distinction between them, and it was a bit confusing because he keeps encountering the same people in different situations. Another thig is Redfield repeats himself and the insights, and I'm assuming he does it on purpose but it gets monotonous. Moyle calls it "considerate," but I think it's just plain repetative. The only way I got complete understanding was to make notes and think about it a LONG TIME. "This is not a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown aside with great force," says Dorothy Parker. I don't feel that strongly about The Celestine Prophecy. "I think there is indeed something to this book," as says Moyle. I think the insights may actually have something to them. I know that our energies (positive and negative) affect other people, things, and situations. The insights helped me put it into a clearer perspective.

Margaret Thatcher’s “Charter Schools”

In the United States, primary and secondary public school education, undergoes continual monitoring and discussion by government leaders, educators, and parents. According to a survey, by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, in 1994, 39 percent of fourth graders, 37 percent of eighth graders and 36 percent of twelfth graders, scored below average, on basic skills assessment tests, in the United States ( Finn, Ravitch 22-24 ). News coverage also tends to continuously broadcast that the United States lags behind global peers in pre-college education. For this reason, parents, governments and educators are constantly searching for new ways to improve, and overcome learning obstacles, in education. One of the new concepts emerging is the charter school. In the United States, the charter school was modeled after Margaret Thatcher's idea of a public school operating independently, while being funded by grants. A similar concept currently exists, for all public education, in New Zealand ( Finn et al. 48-52 ). In 1992, after the first charter law was passed, Minnesota opened City Academy, based on this concept. The charter focused on recruiting and teaching high school drop-outs ( Buechler 60-63 ). All charter schools, including this first one, are based on certain guidelines. Charters are created by normal citizens desiring to fill a specific need in their area, or to implement a new teaching method. The administration and teaching operate independently from most local school board rules, and funds are used only within the charter school. Any business, parent, teacher or group may apply to open a charter, provided they are not religiously affiliated or a private school already. A charter need only to submit paperwork outlining a curriculum, sponsor, and a place of operation, plus the goals they expect in their students. Local or state school boards then have the option to approve or disapprove of the charter. If the charter idea is accepted, the charter may begin recruitment of students. A contract written and signed between the charter and the school board usually lasts a few years and its renewal is based on positive results or goals achieved. There are also certain laws dealing with charters. A charter must be tuition free and open and free of any discrimination to all children in the district ( Olson Art. 64 ). Charters are almost entirely funded by state and national monies, which normally follow a student to their public school. The money instead will follow the student to his or her chosen charter. Charters are also sometimes funded by private individuals or companies. Arizona ammended their charter school law to create a one million dollar start-up fund. Most states do not provide start-up fees which cover building rental, supplies, teachers and administration, before children arrive at their doors. This creates a hardship for most charters when they first open and prevents others from ever opening (Buechler 60-63 ). As of February 1997, five hundred charter schools operated nationwide, offtering a variety of different curriculums ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). In New Jersey, by creating a public boarding prepatory school, educators devised a way to begin to reach children in their teen years, at risk for dropping out of school. School director Gary T. Reece states, † We've created a safe haven here where kids can risk caring about school without suffering for it†(Cohen 16 ). The teens live in an area where schools are crowded and crime is high. ( Cohen 13 ) In Boston, three types of charters are operating within the city. City on a Hill established for high school students, adds a twist in its curriculum, by creating city hall type debates involving the students. The teens become comfortable with public speaking at a time when they usually avoid it. Another high school named Renaissance, has 205 days in the school year, plus uses integrated teaching within all the classes. Lastly, is an elementary school named Neighborhood House. This school teaches one subject within another. A writing assignment may deal with science or science may be created in art class ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). Add to these examples, charters which stress technology, basic academics, smaller classes, discipline, on-line teaching, home study, whole language, afrocentism, back-to- basics, and those that cater to high-school drop-outs and gifted students. Some charters also partner with zoos, museums, businesses, unions, or community groups ( Buechler 60-63 ) . As a Principal of Harriet Tubman Village School Charter, Roger Sciarretta states, â€Å"The only thing consistent about charter schools is that they're all different. â€Å"Each one has it's own flavor and style† ( Anderson 1A+ ) . In Florida, the Charter School law was adopted in 1996 and as of the 1997-98 school year, thirty-three were operating statewide ( Saunders ). As to why it took till 1996, Betty Golzendorf, D-Jacksonville said, â€Å"If Florida is going to start Charter Schools, then they should be the best Charter Schools in the country† ( Patterson B-1 ). Charters in Florida receive 52,000 dollars as a start-up fee, to help alleviate some of the difficulties before admitting students. Charters also can apply for any funds the government grants for low income or disabilities ( MacDonald ). Ninety-five percent of student fees, usually received by a district, follow the charter student to their selected charter ( Pendleton B-1 ). Before accepting students, a Florida charter must be approved by the local school board, and if denied, may appeal to the State Board of Education ( Saunders ). A Florida charter may be created by groups of citizens, teachers, individuals or legal entities. Private schools and religious organizations are barred from forming a charter school. The charter must also, be open to all children, and follow health, safety, welfare and civil rights laws. Each district is allowed so many charters according to their population. If a district has 100,000 or more people, they may have seven charters established per year. A population of 50,000- 100,000 may create five charters per year. Populations under 50,000 people are allowed three charters per year. (Pendleton B-1 ). In Duval County, five charter schools are currently open, and all are geared towards helping middle school children. Radar Schools focuses on behavior, academics, and truancy. The Police Athletic League is housing and supporting the school (Saunders). Daniel Payne Academy stresses technological curriculum for sixth graders, two years behind grade level . The students receive individual testing, with a focus on building self-esteem and discipline. The students are also required to wear uniforms, and parental involvement is encouraged (Desmon A-1 ). Daniel Payne Academy, School of Success Academy and Empowering Young Minds, all must deal with raising student test scores to meet the Duval County Average of a 49 percentile in reading and 50 percentile in math. Because these schools focus on children in middle school that are behind grade level academically their students averages are below the county average (MacDonald ). In their creation, charters were not meant to replace the public school system. Charter supporters feel that seeking different options for schooling will enhance the current public school system. This in turn, will boost the academic standing in our nation, placing us alongside our foreign counterparts.